LAS SECESIONES COMO PRINCIPAL TEMA CONSTITUCIONAL DEL SIGLO XXI
Los Estados Nacionales, como construcción de la Edad Media, adquirieron sus ribetes modernos después de la Revolución Francesa. Llegamos así a la forma actual, a la que llamamos Estados Constitucionales.
Pero siguen evolucionando.
Sin dudas, el gran tema del Derecho Constitucional en este aspecto, durante el pasado Siglo XX, fue el problema de las invasiones, las conquistas, las anexiones de Estados Nacionales por parte de potencias globales o regionales.
Abundan los ejemplos de guerras de dominación territorial, y la idea de la Guerra Fría fue sin duda la manifestación más latente y literaria de la preocupación de las dos superpotencias por el control de sus propios territorios y de sus países controlados.
La caída del muro fue el símbolo del final de esa etapa, pero detrás de ello está sin duda que la guerra se convirtió más en un combate a distancia, donde los misiles, los drones y los hackers ya no necesitan entrar a un territorio para conquistarlo.
Del mismo modo, el Derecho Internacional Público, ha ido construyendo un amplio Sistema de Derecho, un Orden Internacional, y un amplio catálogo de Derechos Humanos mundialmente pretendidos.
Y al mismo tiempo que se habla de acuerdos para más amplias comunidades internacionales, también han empezado a surgir planteos de independencia de algunos territorios que reivindican una pertenencia nacional separada del Estado Nacional que los considera parte de su territorio.
Estamos convencidos de que el siglo XXI será el siglo de las secesiones, del mismo modo que creo que el XXII será el siglo del borrado definitivo de las fronteras nacionales.
El caso más notable ha sido el de Catalunya, cuyo gobierno regional convocó a una elección para que sus habitantes se pronuncien sobre si quieren independizarse de España o permanecer en su seno.
Vemos así el caso de una región, constitucionalmente incorporada a un Estado Nacional, que participó con sus convencionales en la redacción del texto, e incluso (en el caso español de 1978) aprobó por voto popular aquella Constitución Nacional que la incorporaba como porción territorial.
Tenemos entonces que pensar en si es posible salir de un Estado Nacional sin que se dé un acuerdo de toda esa comunidad nacional.
Salir votando solamente los habitantes de esa región no parece una gran herramienta de construcción nacional, ni de secesión.
No hay fundamentos suficientes para obviar el paralelismo de acuerdos: si la región secesionista ingresó al Estado Nacional mediante un texto constitucional sancionado por un Congreso de representantes de todo el territorio, aprobado por votación de todos los habitantes del Estado, no puede salir sin modificar esa Constitución en una nueva Convención y después de una nueva votación.
Ello, salvo que la Constitución acordada al momento del ingreso prevea otro mecanismo para la salida.
Cualquier otro intento de secesión contra la letra constitucional es nulo, y el Estado Nacional (en su autodefensa) tiene plenos poderes para someter al territorio en conflicto y obligarlo a permanecer respetando el acuerdo constituyente.
¿Queremos decir con esto que no hay forma de salir sin acuerdo de todos los miembros de un Estado Nacional realizado del mismo modo en que se produjo el ingreso?
No, solamente digo que no veo otra forma ‘blanda’ de secesión.
Y aquí llegamos al núcleo de la cuestión: la historia de los Estados Nacionales es una historia de fuerzas en conflicto. Nada obsta a que un territorio emerja de una antigua nación hacia otra, o a que se independice.
Pero ese derecho proviene no del Derecho Constitucional, sino de un derecho previo y superior: el derecho a la revolución.
Nadie puede negarle a un pueblo que reivindica como propio un territorio la posibilidad de salir de una situación que se ha vuelto de dominación mediante la guerra, aplicando la fuerza.
Pero el sentimentalismo, y los alegatos jurídicos, no pueden ser el fundamento para la secesión. Porque los fundamentos jurídicos están del lado del Estado Constitucional constituido.
Y el consenso internacional, en el que cada vez más se funda la legitimación de los gobiernos nacionales, no admitirá un nuevo miembro nacional si no proviene de una revolución triunfante.
Hacer un plebiscito o un referéndum es válido y debe ser permitido. Que eso solo sea el fundamento para la secesión es un sofisma.
Si un Pueblo está convencido de que su Territorio merece la independencia, como todos los Estados Nacionales deberá imponer su tercer elemento, el Poder, frente a quienes se opongan a su decisión.
¿Es esto un retroceso? ¿No habíamos llegado a un punto de consenso internacional para zanjar civilizadamente, sin violencia, nuestros desacuerdos?
Sí, pero el acuerdo previo, básico es quiénes se sientan a la mesa de ese consenso multi-nacional, y eso solamente se puede alterar cuando un nuevo Estado se presenta a la faz de la tierra tras haber consolidado en los hechos (no en el reclamo) una independencia real.
Mientras tanto, y siempre, recordemos que la dimensión central del Derecho Constitucional es el individuo, cuyas libertades no deben ser restringidas por los estados.


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